Sunday, February 1, 2015

Renewable Energy from Landfills

Americans produce about 4.4 pounds of waste per capita every day, according to the latest information from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). About 65 percent of that waste—a total of about 164 million tons each year—is disposed in landfills. ... The organic matter in landfills is eventually broken down by bacteria. This process produces an abundance of gases, including methane. In fact, landfills represent the third-largest source of methane emissions in the United States. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas and thus a concern—but it increasingly is being captured and used to power homes and other establishments.

The first landfill gas energy projects started operation in Wilmington and Sun Valley, California, in 1979. Today, more than 630 US landfill gas energy projects generate 16.5 billion kilowatt hours of electricity per year—equivalent to the electricity consumption of 1.5 million homes—and deliver 317 million cubic feet per day of landfill gas to direct-use applications. EPA has identified an additional 450 landfill sites for the potential development of energy projects.
http://www.nyapp.org/renewable_energy/landfill.JPG
http://www.nyapp.org/renewable_energy/renewable_energy.htm
However, these projects come at a price. Between 1991 and 2010, the average cost for a landfill gas energy project to generate a kilowatt hour of electricity was 4 to 5 cents. The wholesale electricity price was 2.5 to 3 cents during that same period.

Given the important energy and environmental benefits of these projects—and the potentially prohibitive price tag—state and local governments use various policy tools to encourage municipal landfills to adopt them. But do these incentives work?

 ... [Researchers at Resources For the Future (RFF)[ looked at policy variables, the physical characteristics of landfills, and energy prices. [Their] focus was on four types of government policies that offer incentives to landfill gas energy projects: renewable portfolio standards, production tax credits, investment tax credits, and state grants.
http://clatl.com/atlanta/atlanta-wants-landfills-turned-into-solar-farms/Content?oid=10864169
[Their] focus was on four types of government policies that offer incentives to landfill gas energy projects: renewable portfolio standards, production tax credits, investment tax credits, and state grants. Of the four policies, [their] analysis shows that only two—renewable portfolio standards and investment tax credits—have positive and statistically significant effects on the development of landfill gas energy projects.

Renewable portfolio standards—adopted in 30 states—require utility companies to supply a designated portion of their electricity from eligible renewable energy sources. Most states also allow utilities to use renewable energy credits to satisfy their requirements. When a landfill gas energy facility is included as an eligible technology, it can obtain revenue from the electricity it sells and the sale of renewable energy credits.
Diagram of the Jefferson City LFG energy project.
http://www.epa.gov/lmop/projects-candidates/profiles/jeffersoncitymorenewablee.html
Investment tax credits are granted for installation of a renewable energy facility, usually as a percentage of the cost to construct the system. In the seven states that have adopted such a policy, the rate ranges from 10 percent (in Kansas) to 100 percent (in Kentucky), with an average of 35 percent.

These two policies account for the development of 13 of the 277 landfill gas energy projects built during [their] data period (1991 to 2010). In turn, those 13 projects have led to an estimated 10.4 million metric tons of carbon dioxide–equivalent reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. If these emissions reductions are valued at the official US social cost of carbon, they represent a net benefit of $41.8 million.

What factors have spurred development of the remaining projects? Not surprisingly, high natural gas prices help. Other factors include landfill age, weather, amount of waste, proximity to the electricity grid, and public versus private ownership. In particular, privately owned landfills are more likely than publicly owned ones to adopt landfill gas energy projects. This may reflect stronger incentives among private proprietors to pursue additional sources of income compared to public officials operating local landfills for waste management only.

Further Reading
Li, Shanjun, Han Kyul Yoo, Jhih-Shyang Shih, Karen Palmer, and Molly Macauley. 2014. Assessing the Role of Renewable Energy Policies in Landfill Gas Energy Projects. Discussion paper 14-17. Washington, DC: RFF.

Resources For the Future (RFF) www.RFF.org
Resources Magazine; January, 2015

No comments:

Post a Comment