Coordinated action by governments and industry is urgently needed to
reduce the growing risks to human health and the environment posed by
the unsustainable management of chemicals worldwide, according to a new
report by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
These risks are compounded by the steady
shift in the production, use and disposal of chemical products from
developed countries to emerging and developing economies, where
safeguards and regulations are often weaker, says the report.
UNEP's Global Chemicals Outlook, released September 5, 2012, highlights the major economic burden caused by chemical hazards, particularly in developing countries.
The report reveals that the estimated
costs of poisonings from pesticides in sub-Saharan Africa now exceeds
the total annual overseas development aid given to the region for basic
health services, excluding HIV/AIDS.
Between 2005 and 2020, the accumulated
cost of illness and injury linked to pesticides in small scale farming
in sub-Saharan Africa could reach USD $90 billion.
Sound chemicals management can reduce
these financial and health burdens, while improving livelihoods,
supporting ecosystems, reducing pollution and developing green
technology, says the study.
...
Global Chemical Trends: Economic Implications
A transition towards sustainable
production, use and disposal of chemicals can yield significant
economic benefits in terms of development, poverty reduction and
reduced risks to human health and the environment, says the Global Chemicals Outlook.
Poor management of chemicals is incurring
multi-billion dollar costs worldwide - most of which are not borne by
manufacturers or others along the supply chain, but instead by social
welfare systems or individuals.
- Poor management of volatile organic compounds is responsible for global economic losses estimated at USD $236.3 billion.
- Exposure to mercury results in health and environmental damage estimated at USD $22 billion.
- The damage caused by acute water pollution to commercial fisheries in China has been estimated at USD $634 million during the period of one year.
- In the USA, poorly managed pesticides have resulted in USD $1.4 billion in crop losses, and USD $2.2 billion in bird losses.
- The Buncefield oil storage depot incident in the UK resulted in one of the biggest blazes in peace-time Europe, with losses of over £1 billion in litigation and medical costs alone.
In developed and developing
countries, longer, more complex supply chains, and the introduction of
new chemical compounds mean that products are now more likely to fail
to meet safety standards, according to the UNEP report.
This can increase the risk of industrial
accidents, and the heavy financial and health burdens they bring. Costs
incurred due to asbestos and contaminated drywall, for example, total
over USD $125 billion worldwide - and the figure is still rising.
In developing and emerging countries,
major economic gains can be made through sustainable agriculture
practices, such as integrated pest management (IPM).
IPM involves using fewer chemicals, and
introducing alternative methods such as crop rotation, providing
conditions for natural enemies of pests and better pest monitoring.
In potato farms in Ecuador, IPM was
introduced to tackle high pesticide poisoning rates. The IPM
plantations yielded as many or more potatoes, but with over 20 per cent
less production costs, than plots using chemical pesticides. Reported
cases of pesticide-related neurological problems also fell.
Indonesia introduced as early as the1990s
an Integrated Pest Management programme that helped farmers to reduce
the use of pesticides by over 50 per cent and increase yields by
approximately 10 per cent.
Economic gains from implementing the
country's 2001-2020 national IPM programme are estimated to be
equivalent to 3.65 per cent of Indonesia's GDP in 2000.
Predicted benefits over a 19-year-period
include the avoidance of over 20,000 cases of acute poisonings among
rice farmers, a total accumulated GDP gain equivalent to 22 per cent of
Indonesia's GDP in 2000, and an increase in household income by up to 5
per cent.
The global benefits from the phase-out of leaded fuel amount to USD $2.45 trillion, or 4 per cent of global annual GDP.
Better end-of-life chemicals management
can also support the recovery of valuable materials from waste. This is
particularly relevant to electronic waste (e-waste), which is recycled
or dismantled for precious metals such as gold or copper -
increasingly in developing countries.
E-waste recycling in developing countries
is a largely unregulated sector, where workers are routinely exposed
to many harmful chemicals, such as dioxins released by burning cables.
In Ghana, the introduction of safer, more
efficient recycling technologies, which avoid burning, resulted in a
45 per cent increase in the revenue received per recycled desktop
computer.
Additionally, up to 90 per cent of
ozone-depleting substances found in e-waste were recovered using
improved recycling techniques.
The release of the report - the first
comprehensive assessment of its kind - follows renewed commitments by
countries at the Rio+20 summit in June to prevent the illegal dumping
of toxic wastes, develop safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals in
products, and increase the recycling of waste, among other measures.
By examining global chemicals trends and
their economic implications, the UNEP report maps out the most
effective approaches for decision-makers to deliver on these
commitments.
"Communities worldwide - particularly
those in emerging and developing countries - are increasingly dependent
on chemical products, from fertilizers and petrochemicals to
electronics and plastics, for economic development and improving
livelihoods," said UN Under-Secretary General and UNEP Executive
Director, Achim Steiner.
"But the gains that chemicals can provide
must not come at the expense of human health and the environment.
Pollution and disease related to the unsustainable use, production and
disposal of chemicals can, in fact, hinder progress towards key
development targets by affecting water supplies, food security,
well-being or worker productivity. Reducing hazards and improving
chemicals management - at all stages of the supply chain - is, thus, an
essential component of the transition to a low carbon, resource
efficient and inclusive Green Economy," added Mr. Steiner.
At the Johannesburg World Summit on
Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002, UN member states set a target
that by 2020, chemicals should be produced and used in ways that lead
to the minimization of significant adverse effects on human health and
the environment.
"The economic analysis presented in the
Global Chemicals Outlook demonstrates that sound chemicals management is
as valid an area as education, transport, infrastructure, direct
health care services and other essential public services. This could
foster the creation of many green, decent and healthy jobs and
livelihoods for developed and developing countries," said Dr. Maria
Neira, WHO Director for Public Health and Environment.
...
In recent years, international
conventions, governments and corporations have taken significant steps
in developing national and international capacities for managing
chemicals safely and soundly.
But the Global Chemicals Outlook states that the pace of progress has been slow, and that results are too often insufficient.
- Of the estimated 140,000+ chemicals on the market today, only a fraction has been thoroughly evaluated to determine their effects on human health and the environment.
- Among primarily OECD countries, the data indicate that inorganic chemicals such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid and organic chemicals such as styrene, formaldehyde, toluene and acetaldehyde are routinely among the air pollutants released in the highest quantities.
- Pollutants commonly discharged in large quantities in primarily OECD countries to surface waters include inorganic chemicals such as nitric acid/nitrate compounds, ammonia and manganese and organic chemicals such as methanol, ethylene glycol, phenol, toluene, and formaldehyde.
- Estimates suggest that up to 75 per cent of the e-waste generated in Europe and approximately 80 per cent of the e-waste generated in the United States goes unaccounted for.
- Poisonings from industrial and agricultural chemicals are among the top five leading causes of death worldwide, contributing to over 1 million deaths annually and 14 million Disability Adjusted Life Years. The scope of unintended industrial accidents involving chemicals continues to grow rapidly.
Global Chemical Trends: Environment and Health Impacts
In developing and emerging economies,
products of the chemicals industry - such as dyes, detergents and
adhesives among others - are rapidly replacing traditional plant,
animal or ceramic-based products.
According to the UNEP report, global chemical sales are set to increase by around 3 per cent a year until 2050.
Africa and the Middle East are set to
register an average 40 per cent increase in chemical production between
2012 and 2020, with Latin America expected to see a 33 per cent rise.
This chemical 'intensification' of
economies, as termed by the UNEP report, means that synthetic chemicals
are fast becoming the largest constituents of waste streams and
pollution around the world - thereby increasing the exposure of humans
and habitats to chemical hazards.
- In Sudan, studies show a three-fold elevated risk of mortality for pregnant women engaged in farming where pesticides are used.
- In Ecuador, bathing and drinking water used by villagers near an oil extraction site contained levels of petroleum hydrocarbons up to 288 times higher than European Community standards.
- A 2009 study of 212 chemicals in the United States found that all the substances examined were detected in some portion of the national population.
- Over 3000 chemicals are classified under the EU harmonized classifications as toxic to aquatic life, with levels of toxicity ranging between "very toxic" to "toxic with long lasting harmful effects".
Key environmental concerns include
pesticide and fertilizer contamination of rivers and lakes, heavy metal
pollution associated with cement and textile production, and dioxin
contamination from mining.
Run-off from fertilizers and pesticides is contributing to a growing number of oxygen-poor 'dead zones' in coastal waters.
According to UNEP's Global Environment Outlook 5, released in June 2012, only 13 of the world's 169 coastal dead zones are recovering.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can
be transported over long distances in the air and later be deposited
onto land and water resources. These chemicals can accumulate in
organisms as they move up the food chain.
Mercury, for example, is transformed by
aquatic organisms into compounds that can reach tens of thousands of
times the concentration originally found in water.
As well as harming biodiversity, this can
have a serious effect on fisheries - an important source of protein
and livelihoods for millions of people worldwide.
...
Way Forward and Recommendations
Many countries have over the past four
decades implemented legal frameworks, regulatory authorities and other
measures to reduce chemical hazards.
Chemicals manufacturers have also developed new methods and guidelines to strengthen such efforts.
On the international level, the UNEP-hosted Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) and the UN's Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes Conventions provide regulatory and voluntary frameworks for promoting the sound management of chemicals.
But despite such progress, the Global Chemicals Outlook
states that more effort is needed at all stages of the chemicals
supply chain, if the 2020 goal of the Johannesburg Plan of
Implementation is to be achieved, and the related economic,
environmental and health benefits realized.
The report outlines key approaches for a
global transition to improved chemicals management - particularly in
developing and emerging economies:
- Mainstreaming: Sound chemicals management needs to be comprehensively integrated into national social and economic plans. At present, responsibilities are often shared across several bodies, leading to fragmented and ineffective responses.
- Multi-stakeholder: In many countries, corporations have the most complete information on chemicals and wastes and significant technical capacity. Producers, manufacturers and importers should be the first line of safe chemical management and play an active role in developing policies with governments.
- Prevention: Governments in developing and emerging countries should develop policies that focus on preventing risks and promoting safer alternatives, rather than remediating hazards only.
- Capacity Building: The costs of effectively managing chemicals and wastes remain an obstacle for many countries. There is a pressing need for financial assistance from developed countries and international donors. Governments in developing and emerging countries should promote innovation and the use of safer chemicals to attract investments.
Many countries are already moving ahead with fresh approaches to chemicals. Brazil has established a National
Commission on Chemical Safety to improve coordination among government
agencies, while Costa Rica has also established a similar body. In Uganda, a UN-backed initiative has
overseen the integration of chemical management priorities into the
country's Five Year National Development Plan.
...
The Global Chemicals Outlook lays out
other specific recommendations for countries, corporations and civil
society to accelerate progress towards the 2020 goal, and ensure the
sound management of chemicals. These include:
- Developing coherent approaches and assessments for monitoring exposure to chemicals as well as environmental and health effects.
- Analyzing further the economic cost caused by exposure to chemicals and related effects.
- Adopting and implementing legal instruments that define the responsibilities of the public and private sector for chemicals control.
- Further generating and making public an appropriate baseline of health and environmental effects for chemicals in commerce.
- Civil society organizations should participate actively in decision-making on chemicals safety at all levels.
The full UNEP Synthesis Report for Decision-Makers - Global Chemical Outlook: Towards Sound management of Chemicals is available at: www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/. For more information on UNEP's Chemicals Branch, visit: www.unep.org/themes/chemicals/. The Third Session of the
International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM3) will take
place in Nairobi from 17 to 21 September 2012. For more
information, visit: http://www.saicm.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96&Itemid=485. UNEP is currently facilitating
the intergovernmental negotiations on a legally binding instrument
on mercury, to be concluded in 2013, visit: www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances
About the UN's Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes Conventions
Three conventions developed under UNEP
auspices together provide an international framework governing the
environmentally sound management of hazardous chemicals throughout their
lifecycles.
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal
was adopted in 1989 in response to concerns about toxic waste from
industrialized countries being dumped in developing countries and
countries with economies in transition.
The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior
Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and
Pesticides in International Trade was adopted in 1998. Dramatic
growth in chemicals production and trade during the past three decades
had highlighted the potential risks posed by hazardous chemicals and
pesticides.
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs) was adopted in 2001 in response to the urgent need for global
action to protect human health and the environment from POPs. These are
highly toxic and persistent, chemicals that can bioaccumulate and move
long distances in the environment. The Convention seeks the
elimination or restriction of production and use of all intentionally
produced POPs
UNEP provides the secretariats for the
Basel and Stockholm Conventions in Geneva. UNEP and the UN Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) jointly provide the Rotterdam
secretariat, which is located in Geneva and in Rome.
For more information on the three conventions, visit www.pops.int
About SAICM
The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM)
- to which UNEP provides the Secretariat - is a policy framework to
promote chemical safety around the world. SAICM has as its overall
objective the achievement of the sound management of chemicals
throughout their life cycle so that, by 2020, chemicals are produced
and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on human
health and the environment. This "2020 goal" was adopted by the World
Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 as part of the Johannesburg
Plan of Implementation.
Objectives are grouped under five themes:
risk reduction; knowledge and information; governance;
capacity-building and technical cooperation; and illegal international
traffic. For more information, visit http://www.saicm.org/
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) www.UNEP.org
Press Release dated September 5, 2012
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